Emerging Frontier
AI agents in education increasingly observe what students do — keystrokes, gaze, attention, biometric reactions. Neurorights are the legal frontier that protects identity, mental privacy, free will and cognitive equity. Below is the sourced map every university leader should know.
Brain data and inferred mental states must remain confidential by default.
Neurotechnology cannot dissolve the line between the self and external systems.
Decisions remain free from undue algorithmic or neurotechnological influence.
Cognitive augmentation must not deepen educational inequality.
Bias in neuro/learning analytics is unlawful, not merely unethical.
First country in the world to constitutionalize neurorights — amends Art. 19 of the Chilean Constitution.
↗SPAIN · 2021Includes 'Digital rights regarding the use of neurotechnologies' as part of the national rights charter.
↗UNESCO · 2025First global standard-setting instrument on neurotechnology, adopted at the 43rd General Conference.
↗COUNCIL OF EUROPEEuropean framework for human rights and neurotechnologies (2024-2030).
↗LEÓN · 2022Multi-stakeholder declaration framing neurorights at the European level.
↗Authored by Dra. María Luisa Gómez Jiménez · University of Málaga0000-0002-3358-786X
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). You may share and adapt this material for any purpose, even commercially, provided you give appropriate credit and distribute your contributions under the same license.
Suggested citation: Gómez Jiménez, M. L. (2026). UniAgent.Lex — AI Agents in the Agentic University: A Regulatory Atlas. University of Málaga. CC BY-SA 4.0.